The number of slum dwellers in developing countries increased from 689 million in 1990 to 880 million in 2014 (World Economic Forum, 2016). The population who live in slums typically are poor, illiterate or semiliterate and engage in low-skilled (and often stigmatized) work (Shepherd, Parida & Wincent, 2020).

Due to unavailability of safe water in many rural, urban and cities in Nigeria (like many other West African countries), there has been public and private initiatives aimed at providing reliable water supply through borehole drilling. It is common to see every household, compounds and premises drill their own borehole

Illegal mining has several environmental and health problems. Several accidents have occurred, and, in some cases, this has led to many deaths in the mines when the ground caved in on miners. There are also health serious impact resulting from pollution from gases, noise, dust and polluted water.

Eradication of poverty and hunger has been the main theme of development since 2000s (Rahman & Akter, 2014). While this ambitious goal is yet to be achieved, progress in ‘poverty reduction’ has been impressive and widespread in many regions (Rahman & Akter, 2014). However, in Nigeria, the trend shows that poverty